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  1. Dartmouth Libraries
  2. Research Guides
  3. Dartmouth Libraries Guides
  4. Evidence Based Practice
  5. Additional EBM Teaching Materials

Evidence Based Practice

  • Evidence Based Medicine
  • Asking the Clinical Question
  • Finding the Best Evidence
  • Critical Appraisal
  • Applying the Evidence
  • Additional EBM Teaching Materials
    • Additional EBM Teaching Materials
    • Asking the Clinical Question
    • Critical Appraisal: Assessing Risk of Bias

Additional EBM Teaching Materials

This page provides links to additional readings and resources that provide a more in-depth exploration and understanding of EBM.

Asking the Clinical Question

  • Focusing Clinical Questions
    From the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine
  • Study Designs
    From the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine
  • Understanding Research Study Designs
    From the University of Minnesota Libraries Bio-Medical Library

Critical Appraisal: Assessing Risk of Bias

Methodology (Validity)

  • Intention-to-treat principle
    Montori, V.M. and Guyatt, G.H. CMAJ, 2001.
  • Intention-to-treat concept: A review
    Gupta, S.K. Perspectives in Clinical Research, 2011.

Interpreting Results and Statistics

  • CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials
    Moher, D. et al. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 2010.
  • Explaining Odds Ratios
    Szumilas, M. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2010.
  • Intention to treat analysis versus per protocol analysis of trial data
    Sedgwick P. BMJ, 2015.
  • Know Your Changes: Understanding Health Statistics
    Woloshin, S., Schwartz, K.M., and Welch, H.G. 2008.
  • NNT/NNH Calculator
    From Alan Schwartz at the University of Illinois Chicago
  • Stating the Meaning of Effect Size Measures in Plain English
    From the Duke Program on Teaching Evidence-Based Practice
  • Statistical Significance Versus Clinical Importance of Observed Effect Sizes: What Do P Values and Confidence Intervals Really Represent?
    Schober, P., Bossers, S.M., and Schwarte L.A. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 2018.
  • Tips for learners of evidence-based medicine: 1. Relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction and number needed to treat
    Barratt, A. et al. CMAJ, 2004.
  • Understanding statistical significance
    Hayat, MJ, Nursing Research, 2010.

Appraising the Evidence: Diagnosis

  • Diagnostic Test Calculator
    From Alan Schwartz at the University of Illinois Chicago
  • EBM Calculators
    RCT, Case Control Study, Prospective Study, Diagnostic Text, and Odds Ratio to NNT calculators. From the Knowledge Translation Program.
  • Evidence-based medicine: Answering questions of diagnosis
    Zakowski, L., Seibert, C., and VanEyck, W.S. Clinical Medicine & Research, 2004.
  • An introduction to critical appraisal of articles on diagnosis
    The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 2007
  • Nomogram for interpreting diagnostic text results (Likelihood ratio)

Appraising the Evidence: Systematic Reviews/Guidelines

  • Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II
  • Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews
    Shea, B.J. et al. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2007.
  • Interpreting meta-analysis in systematic reviews
    Perera, R. and Heneghan, C. BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine, 2008
  • Understanding systematic reviews: the meta-analysis graph (also called ‘forest plot’)
    Moja, L. et al, Internal and Emergency Medicine, 2007.

Evidence of Bias in Results

  • Influence of reported study design characteristics on intervention effect estimates from randomised controlled trials: combined analysis of meta-epidemiological studies
    Savović J et al. Health Technol Assess. 2012 Sep;16(35):1-82.
  • Nocebo vs. Placebo: The Challenges of Trial Design in Analgesia Research
    Vase L, Amanzio M, Price DD. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Feb;97(2):143-50.
  • Use of relative and absolute effect measures in reporting health inequalities: structured review
    King NB, Harper S, Young ME.BMJ. 2012 Sep 3;345:e5774.
  • Why all randomised controlled trials produce biased results
    Krauss A. Ann Med. 2018 Jun;50(4):312-322. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2018.1453233. Epub 2018 Apr 4.
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  • Last Updated: Feb 27, 2025 2:18 PM
  • URL: https://researchguides.dartmouth.edu/evidence-basedmedicine
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Subjects: Health Sciences
Tags: EBM, EBP, evidence-based medicine

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